Essential trace element cofactor required for sulfur amino acid breakdown and purine catabolism.
What it is
Molybdenum (as bioavailable sodium molybdate or molybdenum glycinate) is an essential trace mineral required for human enzymatic function. In Velobiotics products such as Her-Biotics Ageless 50+ and Her-Biotics Menopausal Support, it is formulated alongside microencapsulated probiotics to support hepatic detoxifying enzymes and sulfur amino acid metabolism.
Also known as: Sodium Molybdate, Molybdenum Glycinate
What it does
- Cofactor for sulfite oxidase, converting toxic sulfite to sulfate during sulfur amino acid metabolism.
- Cofactor for xanthine oxidase, participating in purine breakdown and uric acid generation.
- Cofactor for aldehyde oxidase, aiding in hepatic drug and xenobiotic metabolism.
- Supports cellular antioxidant balance and sulfur donor availability in tissues.
Amplified by probiotics
Molybdenum absorption across enterocyte membranes occurs via passive transport and anion channels. Probiotic bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids that preserve gut mucosal microarchitecture and reduce inflammatory degradation of brush-border membranes. Furthermore, commensal probiotic bacteria participate in intestinal sulfur metabolism, mitigating excess sulfidogenic bacterial growth (such as Desulfovibrio) and working synergistically with host molybdoenzymes to maintain intestinal mucosal sulfide homeostasis.
Typical dose
45–100 µg/day
The evidence
Evidence: strongHuman studies establish molybdenum as an essential trace element required for the synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and crucial metabolic enzymes. (Mendel RR. 2013, Metallomics; Schwarz G, et al. 2009, Nature; Novotny JA. 2011, Adv Nutr).
Safety & who should check first
Highly safe with a Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 2000 µg/day (2 mg/day). Nutritional doses cause no adverse effects.